Bombshell Page 27

  27 Interviews with female ex-prisoners, Belfast, August 2009.

  28 Faul, “Beating Women in Prison: Black February, Armagh Prison,” op. cit., p. 15.

  29 D’Arcy, op. cit., p. 81.

  30 Interview with Mary Doyle, Belfast, August 2009.

  31 “The diary of Bobby Sands,” available online at www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/ira/readings/diary.html.

  32 “Women in the Irish National Liberation Struggle,” Radikal, no. 145, February 1992, www.hartford-hwp.com/archives/61/291.html

  33 Interview with Mairéad Farrell’s cell mates, August 13, 2009.

  34 Seán Mac Stíofáin, Revolutionary in Ireland, London: Gordon Cremonesi, 2005, p. 218, cited by Mary Corcoran, Out of Order: The Political Imprisonment of Women in Northern Ireland 1972–1998, Devon, UK: Willan Publishing, 2006, p. 6.

  35 Jenny McGeever, “The Story of Mairéad Farrell,” Magill Magazine, October 6, 1986, p. 9.

  36 “IRA girl went to ‘set up’ sergeant,” Irish News, August 11, 1975.

  37 Interviews with female ex-prisoners, Belfast, August 2009.

  38 Mary Corcoran, Out of Order: The Political Imprisonment of Women in Northern Ireland 1972–1998, Devon, UK: Willan Publishing, 2006, p. 5.

  39 Interviews with female ex-prisoners, Belfast, August 2009.

  40 Viviane Hewitt, “Special Branch Men Threatened to Rape Me,” Sunday News, April 27, 1975, and “Police Deny Rape Threats,” Sunday News, May 4, 1975.

  41 Conflict Archive on the Internet, CAIN web services, “Internment: Summary of Main Events,” http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/events/intern/sum.htm

  42 Eoin Clarke, “Women and Irish Republicanism, 1914–1974,” Part 1, http://searchwarp.com/swa54344.htm.

  43 “IRA Attempt to Recruit Bomb Girls,” Daily Telegraph, September 28, 1972.

  44 Mark Hoffman, “Perspectives on the Northern Ireland Women’s Coalition,” p. 72 passim, p.8, www.sit.edu/SITOccasionalPapers/ops03.pdf#page=72

  45 Interviews with the author, Belfast, August 2009.

  46 www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm199697/cmhansrd/vo961217/text/61217w19.htm

  47 Interview with the author, Belfast, August 11, 2009.

  48 Interview with the author, Belfast, August 12, 2009.

  49 Ibid.

  50 Mia Bloom and John Horgan, “Missing Their Mark: The IRA’s Proxy Bomb Campaign,” Social Research: An International Quarterly, vol. 75, no. 2 (Summer 2008).

  51 A twelfth civilian was in a coma for thirteen years before dying.

  52 In fact, “Sunday Bloody Sunday” is not a nationalist song at all. According to U2 drummer Larry Mullen, “We’re into the politics of people, we’re not into politics. Like you talk about Northern Ireland, ‘Sunday Bloody Sunday,’ people sort of think, ‘Oh, that time when 13 Catholics were shot by British soldiers’; that’s not what the song is about. That’s an incident, the most famous incident in Northern Ireland and it’s the strongest way of saying, ‘How long? How long do we have to put up with this?’ I don’t care who’s who—Catholics, Protestants, whatever. You know people are dying every single day through bitterness and hate, and we’re saying, Why? What’s the point? And you can move that into places like El Salvador and other similar situations—people dying. Let’s forget the politics, let’s stop shooting each other and sit around the table and talk about it … There are a lot of bands taking sides saying politics is crap, etc. Well, so what! The real battle is people dying, that’s the real battle,” Interview, White Lily, April 1, 1983, http://u2_interviews.tripod.com/id18.html

  53 In the 1970s, other women had gone on hunger strike, including the Price sisters, who staged a 206-day strike in order to arrange their transfer to Armagh prison.

  54 “We Go Ahead with Hunger Strike, Say Women Prisoners,” Irish News, November 29, 1980.

  55 John J. O’Connor, “An IRA Member from Several Angles,” New York Times, June 13, 1989, www.nytimes.com/1989/06/13/movies/review-television-an-ira-member-from-several-angles.html

  56 “British Obstruct Gibraltar Action,” An Phoblacht/Republican News, April 26, 1990, p. 5.

  4 The Scout

  1 Izz al Qassemn Brigades’ website dedicated to Ahlam Al Tamimi, www.qassam.ps/prisoner-96-Ahlam_Mazen_Al_Tamimi.html

  2 Ahlam Al Tamimi interview with Shimon Dotan, HaSharon Prison, 2006; Hot House, Alma Films, Meimad Barkai production, December 2005.

  3 Robert Fisk, “We Cannot Report Gaza Like a Football Match,” www.mwaw.net/2009/01/08/fisk-on-gaza

  4 Robert Fisk, “Fifteen Dead in Jerusalem Suicide Bomb,” The Independent, August 10, 2001.

  5 Martin Sicker, Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammed Ali to the British Mandate, 1831–1921, Westport, CT: Praeger, 1999, p. 4.

  6 “More than forty Jewish communities could be traced to the sixth century … twelve on the coast, in the Negev, and east of the Jordan and thirty-one villages in Galilee and in the Jordan Valley,” www.eretzyisroel.org/~peters/presence.html

  7 Moshe Dayan, Story of My Life, New York: De Capo Press, 1992.

  8 Article 22, The Covenant of the League of Nations, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/leagcov.asp#art22 “Mandate for Palestine,” Encyclopedia Judaica, vol. 11, p. 862, Keter Publishing House, Jerusalem, 1972.

  9 The text of the agreement is located at Brigham Young University Archives, wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Sykes-Picot_Agreement

  10 Jeremy Wilson, Lawrence of Arabia: The Authorized Biography of T.E. Lawrence, New York: Athenaeum, 1990.

  11 James Gelvin, The Israeli-Palestine Conflict: One Hundred Years of War, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 82–83.

  12 Balfour Declaration. www.knesset.gov.il/lexicon/eng/BalfourDeclaration_eng.htm

  13 David Fromkin, A Peace to End All Peace: The Fall of the Ottoman Empire and the Creation of the Modern Middle East, New York: Owl Books, 1989 (reprinted by Holt, 2001 and 2009).

  14 Gudrun Krämer, A History of Palestine: From the Ottoman Conquest to the Founding of the State of Israel, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2008.

  15 Peel Commission Report Cmd. 5479, 1937, p. 97.

  16 Matthew Hughes, “The Banality of Brutality: British Armed Forces and the Repression of the Arab Revolt in Palestine, 1936–39,” English Historical Review, vol. CXXIV, no. 507, 2009, pp. 314–54.

  17 Brief History of Palestine and Israel and the Israeli Palestinian Conflict, www.mideastweb.org/briefhistory.htm#Modern%20History

  18 Benny Morris, The Birth of the Palestinian Refugee Problem, 1947–49, New York: Cambridge University Press, 1987, pp. 149, passim; see also Simha Flapan, The Birth of Israel: Myths and Reality, New York: Pantheon Press, 1988, and Avi Shlaim, Collusion Across the Jordan: King Abdullah, the Zionist Movement and the Partition of Palestine, New York: Columbia University Press, 1988.

  19 Said K. Aburish, Arafat, From Defender to Dictator. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 1998, pp. 41–90.

  20 Dan Fisher, Los Angeles Times, December 23, 1987.

  21 John Kifner, “Burial Alive of Palestinians,” New York Times, February 16, 1988.

  22 Ray Hanania, “Sharon’s Terror Child,” www.counterpunch.org/hanania01182003.html

  23 www.mideastweb.org/hamashistory.htm

  24 Palestine TV broadcast, August 9, 2001.

  25 www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/010810/2001081005.html

  26 Suzanne Goldenberg, “The Street Was Covered with Blood and Bodies: The Dead and the Dying,” The Guardian, August 10, 2001, www.guardian.co.uk/world/2001/aug/10/israel1

  27 Brian Whitaker, “Who Carried Out Suicide Bombing?” The Guardian, August 10, 2001, www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4236794,00.html

  28 Jerusalem Bomber ‘driven by despair’ Sunday Tribune, August 10, 2001, www.sundaytribune.co.za/index.php?fSectionId=1028&fArticleId=ct20010810092510430M323911.

  29 Barbara Victor, Army of Roses: Inside the World of Palestinian Women Suicide Bombers, New York: Rodale Press, 2003, p. 144.

  30
Joyce Davis, Martyrs: Innocence, Vengeance, and Despair in the Middle East, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004, p. 130.

  31 Al Masri’s sister did name the baby after him two days later. When asked what hopes she had for the child, she said she wanted him to be “like his uncle.” “Paradise—Hollywood Style,” agsconsulting. com/articles/ab060120.htm

  32 Brian Whitaker, “Who Carried Out Suicide Bombing?” The Guardian, August 10, 2001, www.guardian.co.uk/Archive/Article/0,4273,4236794,00.html

  33 The last-will-and-testament video was broadcast on Al Manar TV; CNN provided a detailed transcript, http://edition.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/0601/23/ywt.01.html

  34 Jailed bomber, interview with Shimon Dotan 2006; Hot House, Alma Films, Meimad Barkai production.

  35 Al Masa’a Egyptian Newspaper, January 2, 2004, translated by MEMRI, www.memri.org/report/en/0/0/0/0/0/0/1057.htm.

  36 abcnews.go.com/Nightline/story?id=128515&page=1

  37 Sara Helm, “The Human Time Bomb. What Motivates a Suicide Bombing?” Sunday Times Magazine, January 6, 2002, p. 54.

  38 Al Masaa (Egypt), January 2, 2004, cited by MEMRI www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP65804#_edn1

  39 Ahlam Al Tamimi interview, Shimon Dotan, HaSharon prison, 2006; Hot House, Alma Films, Meimad Barkai production.

  40 Pierre Conesa, “The Suicide Terrorists,” Le Monde Diplomatique, June 2, 2004.

  41 “Just Married and Determined to Die,” BBC, October 13, 2008.

  42 Robert Fisk, “What Drives a Bomber to Kill an Innocent Child?” The Independent, August 11, 2001.

  43 Interview with Shimon Dotan 2006; Hot House, Alma Films, Meimad Barkai production.

  44 Ariel Merari, Jonathan Fighel, Boaz Ganor, Ephraim Lavie, Yohanan Tzoreff, and Arie Livne, “Making Palestinian ‘Martyrdom Operations’ ‘Suicide Attacks’: Interviews with Would-Be Perpetrators and Organizers,” Terrorism and Political Violence, 22: 1, December 2009, pp. 102–19.

  45 Ibid.

  46 Matthew Gutman, “Who Is a Target? 9/11 One Year Later,” Jerusalem Post supplement, http://info.jpost.com/C002/Supplements/911_OneYearLater/story_03.html

  47 Laura Blumenfeld, “In Israel, A Divisive Struggle Over Targeted Killings,” Washington Post, August 27, 2006, p. A1.

  48 International Middle East Media Center, “Assassination as Official Israeli Policy,” November 22, 2008, www.imemc.org/article/57755

  49 Joshua Hammer, “This Land Is My Land: How Arafat and Sharon Have Debased the Very Societies They Claim to Serve,” Washington Monthly, September 2004.

  50 Laura Blumenfeld, op. cit.

  51 Pierre Conesa, op. cit.

  52 Judith Miller, “The Bomb Under the Abaya,” Policy Review, Hoover Institution, June–July 2007.

  53 Khaled Mish’al, speech, Gaza, Al Aqsa satellite television channel (in Arabic), June 25, 2009.

  54 Interview with Shimon Dotan 2006; Hot House, Alma Films, Meimad Barkai production.

  55 Judith Miller, op. cit.

  56 Al Quds, April 7, 2008, quoted by PMW www.pmw.org.il/Bulletins_july2008.html

  57 www.tau.ac.il/jcss/haaretz021206.html

  58 Tim McGirk, “Palestinian Moms Become Martyrs,” Time, May 3, 2007.

  59 Frimet Roth, “The Once and Future Child Murderer,” The Jerusalem Post, July 21, 2008.

  60 www.metimes.com/2K2/issue2002–4/women/fadlallah_condones_female.htm (accessed November 14, 2003)

  61 Ariel Merari et al, op. cit.

  62 Judith Miller, op. cit.

  63 Other accounts place responsibility with the Nabil Masoud Unit of the Al Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigades.

  64 Judith Miller, op. cit.

  65 Manuela Dviri, “I Wanted to Kill 20, 50 Jews. Yes, even Babies,” Daily Telegraph, June 25, 2005, www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/israel/1492836/My-dream-was-to-be-a-suicidebomber.-I-wanted-to-kill-20-50-Jews.-Yes-even-babies.html

  66 Muhammed Doura was killed at the beginning of the Al ‘Aqsa Intifada and became a symbol for the resistance. Recent investigations have questioned whether Doura was killed by the Israelis or accidentally shot by Palestinian police in a crossfire, but the powerful images captured on French TV have become synonymous with the Second Intifada.

  67 Intervue avec la Mère de Wafa Al Bas (in French), February 20, 2006, You Tube, www.youtube.com/user/Tazda

  68 Tim McGirk, op. cit.

  69 Barbara Victor, Army of Roses, op. cit. p.126.

  70 Ibid.

  71 Ibid, pp. 129–33.

  72 Interview with Shimon Dotan 2006; Hot House, Alma Films, Meimad Barkai production.

  73 Interview with Barbara Victor cited by Frimet Roth in “The Once and Future Child Murderer,” The Jerusalem Post, July 21, 2008.

  74 Yoram Schweizter, Dying for Equality, JCSS Study, 2006, p. 9.

  75 Judith Miller, op. cit.

  76 International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission (IGLHRC), “Palestinian Women Subjected to Sexual Harassment and Abuse in Detention,” June 21, 2002, www.iglhrc.org/cgi-bin/iowa/article/takeaction/globalactionalerts/623.html

  77 NGO Alternative Report in Response to the List of Issues and Questions With Regard to the Consideration of Periodic Reports (CEDAW/PSWG/2005/II/CRP.1/Add.7). Israel’s Implementation of the U.N. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) in the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT). May 2005, p. 5.

  5 The Future Bombers

  1 “Homage to the Black Tigers: A Review of Sooriya Puthalvargal 2003 Memorial Souvenir” by Sachi Sri Kantha (Tamil Nation), cited in Tisaranee Gunasekara, “The Inimitable Tiger,” Asian Tribune, April 30, 2006, www.asiantribune.com/news/2006/04/30/inimitable-tiger-0

  2 Mia Bloom, “Mother. Sister. Daughter. Bomber,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientist, 2005.

  3 “Lady with the Poison Flowers,” Outlook, India, August 29, 2005.

  4 http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/340717.stm and members.tripod.com/~sosl/gandhi.html news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5122032.stm

  5 Allissa Stack O’Connor, “Lions, Tigers and Freedom Birds: How and Why the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam Employs Women,” Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 19, Issue 1, March 2007, pp. 43–63.

  6 For a full account see Mia Bloom, Dying to Kill, op. cit., chapter 3.

  7 Interview with the author, personal correspondence, June 2005.

  8 David Little, “Religion and Ethnicity,” in Robert I. Rotberg, Creating Peace in Sri Lanka: Civil War and Reconciliation, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999, p. 45.

  9 Stanley J. Tambiah, Sri Lanka: Ethnic Fratricide and the Dismantling of Democracy, Delhi, India: Oxford University Press, 1986, p. 78.

  10 Ibid, pp. 66–68.

  11 Kumari Jayawardena, Ethnic and Class Conflicts in Sri Lanka, Madras, India: Kaanthalakam, 1987, p. 14.

  12 Passed in 1956 by a margin of 56 to 29. Bandaranaike was assassinated three years later in 1959 by a nationalist dressed as a Buddhist monk, and succeeded by his wife, Sirimavo; Kingsley M. de Silva, Reaping the Whirlwind, London: Penguin Books, 1996, p. 58 passim.

  13 Neil DeVotta, “Ethno Linguistic Nationalism and Ethnic Conflict in Sri Lanka,” in Michael Brown and Sumit Ganguly (eds.), Fighting Words: Language Policy and Ethnic Relations in Asia, Belfer Center for Science and Information, JFK School of Government, Cambridge, MA: MIT University Press, 2003, p. 115.

  14 David Little, “Religion and Ethnicity,” in Robert I. Rotberg, Creating Peace in Sri Lanka: Civil War and Reconciliation, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1999, p. 48.

  15 Kingsley M. de Silva, Managing Ethnic Tensions in Multi Ethnic Societies, Lanham, MA: University Press of America, 1986, p. 228.

  16 Rohan Gunaratna, Sri Lanka: A Lost Revolution, The Inside Story of the JVP, Institute of Fundamental Studies, Sri Lanka, 1990, pp. 92–105; see also Tambiah, op. cit., p. 13.

  17 Kingsley M. de Silva (ed.), Conflict and Violence in South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, Kandy,
Sri Lanka: International Centre for Ethnic Studies, 2000, pp. 381–82.

  18 Different sources place the formation date of the LTTE between 1972 and 1978. Edgar O’Ballance, The Cyanide War: Tamil Insurrection in Sri Lanka 1973–88, London: Brassey’s, 1989, pp. 12–17.

  19 Bruce Hoffman, Inside Terrorism, New York: Columbia University Press, 2006, p. 139.

  20 Tambiah, op. cit., pp. 42–43.

  21 http://blog.amnestyusa.org/iar/sri-lanka-end-impunity-forhuman-rights-violations/ see also, blog.amnestyusa.org/asia/lessons-learnt-or-not-in-sri-lanka

  22 The assassination of the SFLP mayor of Jaffna, Alfred Durayappah, by future LTTE leader Velupillai Prabhakaran occurred on July 27, 1975. “This act gave him terrorist standing and prestige, making him the unquestionable leader of his group, and enabled him to formalize the TNT into the broader LTTE.” Edgar O’Ballance, The Cyanide War, op. cit., p. 13. The Tamil Tigers also claimed responsibility for at least eleven assassinations in 1978, including that of a member of the TULF who had defected to the UNP, as well as a number of policemen.

  23 Little in Rotberg, op. cit., p. 51, and Neelan Tiruchelvam in Autonomy and Ethnicity: Negotiating Competing Claims in Multi Ethnic States, Yash Ghai, (ed.), Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000, p. 200.

  24 Anita Pratap, Island of Blood: Frontline Reports from Sri Lanka, Afghanistan and Other South Asian Flashpoints, New York: Putnam Press, 2001, pp. 76–77.

  25 H.P. Chattopadhyaya, Ethnic Unrest in Modern Sri Lanka: An Account of Tamil–Sinhalese Race Relations, New Delhi: MD Publications, 1994, p. 68.

  26 Tamil sources estimated 2000 dead and between 80,000 and 100,000 refugees, who abandoned their homes and were placed in “care and welfare” centers; O’Ballance, op. cit., p. 25.

  27 Tambiah, op. cit., pp. 15–16.

  28 Kingsley M. de Silva (ed.), Conflict and Violence in South Asia: Bangladesh, India, Pakistan, and Sri Lanka, Kandy, Sri Lanka: International Centre for Ethnic Studies, 2000, p. 235 passim.

  29 Tambiah, op. cit., p. 27.

  30 Elizabeth Nissan, “Some Thoughts on Sinhalese Justifications for the (1983) Violence,” in James Manor, (ed.), Sri Lanka: In Change and in Crisis, New York, 1984, pp. 176–177, cited in Little, op. cit., p. 51.